IV SEMESTER
Paper4.1;
Biochemistry-IV
1. Introduction 2h
Basic principals of a balanced diet to provide energy and
nutrients. Proximate analysis of foods.
2. Digestion 5h
Anatomy of GIT accessory organs. Digestion, absorption and
transport of carbohydrates, lipids and
proteins.
3. Energy Balance
5h
Calorific value of foods-bomb calorimeter. Respiratory quotient.
Basal metabolism. Direct and indirect
calorimetry. Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) and factors affecting
it. Specific dynamic action of food.
Energy requirements and recommended dietary allowances (RDA) for
different physical activities for
children and during pregnancy and lactation.
4. Macromatrients
a) Carbohydrates and lipids
Their role fuel molecules. Sources requirement and storage
forms. Protein sparing effect of
carbohydrates. Distary fiber. Essential fatty acids and their
biological importance.
b) Proteins
Their role in the diet. Nitrogen balance. Essential anise acids.
Complete and incomplete proteins.
Mutual supplementation of proteins. Fortification of foods
Protein requirement for different
categories. Protein malnutritio.
5. Micronutrients
a) Vitamins
Structures; sources daily requirements functions and deficiency
symptoms/syndromes of water –
soluble vitamins. Hyperyviminoses. Absorption and transport of
fat soluble vitamins.
b) Minerals 3h
Macro minerals (Ca,P,Mg,Na,K,Cl) and micro minerals/trace
elements(Co, I, Fe, Mn, Zn, and F)-their
sources, daily requirements, functions and deficiency diseases
symptoms.
6. Cells and Tissues
3h
Fine structure of fine animal cell and the function of its
organelles. Tissues-epithelial and connective.
Collagen and elastin. Bone-composition, growth and remodeling;
factors affecting growth.
7. The Body Fluid 6h
The intra and extra cellular fluid compartments; distribution of
water between the two compartment.
The composition and functions of blood, lymph and CSF. Blood
brain barrier. Oxygen carrying
properties of hemoglobin.
8. The Liver 2h
The structure of lobule. Function of liver. Liver function test.
9. The Kidneys 2h
The nephron. Formation of urine glomerular filtration, tubular
reabsorption and secretion. Renal failure
and dialysis.
10. Acid-Base balance
3h
Maintenance of normal pH of the body fluids. The buffer systems
involved proteins, hemoglobin,
bicarbonate and phosphate. The roles of the kidney and lung in
maintaining acid base balance.
11. The Endocrine system
5h
Classification of hormones on the basis of structure. General
mechanism of hormones action
membrane receptor and second messenger concept; intracellular
receptors and the regulation of genes
expression. Functions of the hormones of the hypothalamus
(ACTH), the pituitary, the adrenal cortex
and medulla, the pancreas, the gonads, the placenta, thyroids
and kidneys.
12. The nervous system 4h
Neurotransmission; Generalized structure of neuron. Conduction
of never impulse-membrane and
action potentials, styptics transmission-excitatory and
inhibitory
Neurotransmitters. Nerst and Golden Equation.
13. Muscle 2h
Types – smooth, striated and cardiac. Contractile and regulatory
protein of muscle. The sarcomer,
sliding filament model of skeletal muscle contraction.
IV SEMESTER BIOCHEMISTRY
PRACTICAL
1. Organic Preparations
a) Oxidation-benzoic
b) Nitration metadinityben
c) Acetylation-azperine
d) Bromination-2,4,6-tromopara bromoacetanilide from
acetanitide.
2. Paper chromagraphy of animo acid and sugar(Ascending
descending and circular)
3. Paper electrophoresis for separation of biomolecular.
4. Separation of sugar by T.C
5. Column chromatography of pigments on adsorbents
